The increase in worldwide water temperatures creates environments where waterborne zoonoses such as schistosomiasis, cercarial dermatitis, fascioliasis, and fasciolopsiasis thrive Displacement of species into human settlements increases the risk potential of zoonotic disease Two instances where Orthopoxvirus species Alaskapox has been unearthed since 2017.

Although the Paris Agreement rules that states must all do what they can to keep global warming below 1.5°C, it does not provide binding requirements on how they should do so, in accordance with the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities”. It also does not bind corporations, who are the world’s largest GHG emitters. Although the Paris Agreement and the NDCs are the best climate framework we have been able to develop to this day, there are ways in which they could be strengthened. We could establish clear minimum emission requirements, for instance, or apply a similar framework of NDCs to large businesses.

One of the biggest challenges in setting out frameworks to address climate change is determining how to attribute responsibility and how to share the burden of emission reduction measures. Despite the fact that not all states are equally responsible for the climate crisis and do not have the same ability to respond to it, under the Paris Agreement they must all do what they can to keep global warming below 1.5°C.

As the world comes to grips with the worsening effects of the climate crisis, there has been a growing discussion about what happens to people who are forced to migrate both internally within their borders, and externally to neighboring nations.

by Hayd Mohamed Climate change has widespread multifaceted effects, one of which is climate migration. The response to changes in climatic conditions and climatic hazards can lead to forced migration [1]. The widespread effects of climate change have been closely linked in playing a crucial role as a push factor for migration [6]. The adverse...

This article examines the debates surrounding the future of small island nations such as Kiribati, which may completely disappear under the rising sea in the next 25 years. Rather than becoming “climate refugees” the I-Kiribati would prefer to move legally, with their rights fully respected, either as skilled workers or as part of a “deliberate relocation strategy” to Fiji. This too, however, doesn’t come without its challenges. - According to the IPCC Kiribati may completely disappear by 2050. - There is no legal status for so-called “climate refugees”, so what are people forcefully displaced by the climate crisis? The I-Kiribati do not want to become “climate refugees” and are pursuing, instead, “Migration with Dignity” and the possibility of relocation to Fiji.

This article follows up on the previous article “What is climate justice” exploring where these terms appear in the international climate change regime and explaining the different concepts.

Climate justice comprises several types of justice: distributive; procedural; intergenerational and compensatory. This article also addresses the principles of climate justice.

Underdeveloped and developing countries today have an opportunity that the world’s current industrial superpowers didn't have when they were developing; these countries can modernize through the use of renewable energy sources.