According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the number of people displaced by natural disasters and the effects of climate change will grow exponentially over the next few decades. This second article of a two-part series presents some of the key recommendations from the 2015 Agenda for the Protection of Cross-Border Displaced Persons in the Context of Disasters and Climate Change (Protection Agenda).

As the world comes to grips with the worsening effects of the climate crisis, there has been a growing discussion about what happens to people who are forced to migrate both internally within their borders, and externally to neighboring nations.

by Hayd Mohamed Climate change has widespread multifaceted effects, one of which is climate migration. The response to changes in climatic conditions and climatic hazards can lead to forced migration [1]. The widespread effects of climate change have been closely linked in playing a crucial role as a push factor for migration [6]. The adverse...

This article examines the debates surrounding the future of small island nations such as Kiribati, which may completely disappear under the rising sea in the next 25 years. Rather than becoming “climate refugees” the I-Kiribati would prefer to move legally, with their rights fully respected, either as skilled workers or as part of a “deliberate relocation strategy” to Fiji. This too, however, doesn’t come without its challenges. - According to the IPCC Kiribati may completely disappear by 2050. - There is no legal status for so-called “climate refugees”, so what are people forcefully displaced by the climate crisis? The I-Kiribati do not want to become “climate refugees” and are pursuing, instead, “Migration with Dignity” and the possibility of relocation to Fiji.

This article follows up on the previous article “What is climate justice” exploring where these terms appear in the international climate change regime and explaining the different concepts.

Climate justice comprises several types of justice: distributive; procedural; intergenerational and compensatory. This article also addresses the principles of climate justice.

Underdeveloped and developing countries today have an opportunity that the world’s current industrial superpowers didn't have when they were developing; these countries can modernize through the use of renewable energy sources.

Green energy currently presents opportunities for more jobs than oil and gas. However, changes will have to involve careful consideration of the people that had previously gained their livelihood from the fossil fuel industry.